Refugees as scapegoat for terrorism

Authors

  • Nimet Özbek Ankara University

Keywords:

Asylum seekers, terrorist attacks, refugee crisis, Schengen border control system, Islamic State

Abstract

In the last five years, there has been a growing concern about the fact that there might be some terrorist mix in the surge of refugees fleeing war-torn Muslim-majority countries. The concern resulted in people rethinking about refugees are granted asylums. Some Europeans call for their governments to quit bringing to their countries any more refugees at all. This however goes against what these countries agreed and signed in the 1951 Convention and the 1967 United Nations Protocol concerning the status of refugees. In this article, it will be examined if it is true that migrants bring terrorists with them, how this proposition itself came to be, and whether or not there are rock solid data to support it. As it will be discovered in the following paragraphs, there is no direct correlation between refugees and terrorist activities that take place in different places which happen to be hosting refugees. Instead, the idea security threat in refugee host countries and migrants they accommodate roots from attitude the people in those countries have towards migrants, demographic differences as well as real world issues. The solution to this misconception requires both refugees and receiving nations to collaborate; such as the refugees helping authorities to identify any terrorist recruiter who may be lurking among them and on the other hand the authorities should devise a seamless system of border control in order to know who enters their countries and who leaves. They can also engage in activities helping the public to distinguish between terrorists and migrants by raising awareness.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biography

Nimet Özbek, Ankara University

Assoc. Prof. Dr., Ankara University, Faculty of Political Science

References

The 1951 Convention: http://www.unhcr.org/1951-refugee-convention.html

The 1967 United Nation Protocol Relating to Refugees: http://www.unhcr.org/protection/basic/3b66c2aa10/convention-protocol-relating-status-refugees.html

BBC, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-35194360 ; M. Carr, Fortress Europe. Inside the War Against Migration (London: Hurst & Co., 2012), p. 278. – According to UNHCR, 74 percent of nearby 500,000 migrants who made it to Europe came from just three countries: Syria, Afgahnistan and Eritrea. – M. Carr, op.cit., p.28.

Deutschlandfunk, 12th March 2016, https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/mittelmeer-mehr-als-150-000-bootsfluechtlinge-seit.447.de.html?drn:news_id=590473 .

Y. Bauer, The Migration Crisis – Some Thoughts (Geneva: Genocide Prevention Advisory Network (GPAN), December 2015).

Bund rechnet mit 3.6 millionen flüchtlingen bis 2020”, Reuters, 25th February 2015, http://de.reuters.com/article/deutschland-fl-chtlinge-idDEKCN0VY0H4

Officially the Schengen system has been ‘suspended’ for a period of six months but it looks as though that period might be prolonged. – Volkstrant, 3 March 2016.

RAN (Radicalization Awareness Network), Impact of the refugee crisis on the risk of a radicalization and consequences of prevention policies (Vienna: RAN, 14th April 2016), p.38.

https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#search/Migration+and+Terrorism/151cedb5c35f7e92 ; the high figure for the number of stolen passports was mentioned by the representative of an international organization at a workshop where the author was present.

M. Carr. Fortress Europe. Inside the War Against Immigration (London: Hurst & Co., 2015), p.4.

P. Collier, “Ihr rettet die Falschen: Oxford-Ökonom attackiert Merkels Flüchtelingskurs”, Focus (Austria), 14th February 2016. His economic theory of migration, refer to P. Collier, Exodus. Immigration and Multiculturalism in the 21st Century (London: Penguin Books, 2013).

Cf. J.B. Bury, “The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians”, Norton Library, 1967.

M. Yahya, “Refugees and the Making of an Arab Regional Disaster”, http://carnegie-mec.org/2015/11/09/refugees-and-making-of-arab-regional-disorder/ilb0 .

Mercy Corps, “Quick Facts: What you need to know about the Syria Crisis”, 5th February 2016, https://www.mercycorps.org/.../syria...jordan/quick-facts-what-you-need

A. P. Schmid, “Foreign (Terrorist) Fighters: a European Perspective”, International Center for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, December 2015. – The number of IS fighters has since gone down due to high casualty rates, desertions and returnees heading for their countries of origin. Monthly recruitment of new foreign fighters is said to be down by 90 percent as of April 2016, according to US military sources.

START (University of Maryland) Newsletter Highlights, “Worldwide terrorism in 2014”, http://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_GTD_OverviewofTerrorism2014_Aug2015.pdf?utm_source=START+Announce&utm_campaign=270cadb341-START_Newsletter_Aug2015&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_a60ca8c769-270cadb341-45663445 . Note: the fatalities figure included killed terrorists such as suicide bombers.

Der neue Fischer Weltalmanach 20156 (Frankfurt a. M.: S. Fischer Verlag, 2014), p.330.

“Nigeria’s Borno state lost $ 9.5 bn to Boko Haram – World Bank”, World News Ghana Web, 21st March 2016, https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Nigeria-s-Borno-state-lost-9-5bn-to-Boko-Haram-World-Bank-424798

Ford, R. (2012), Parochial and Cosmopolitan Britain: Examining the social divide in reactions to immigration, report for the George Marshall Foundation ‘Transatlantic Trends: Immigration’ project.

Mayda, A. (2006) ‘Who is against immigration? A cross-country investigation of individual attitudes towards immigrants’. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88 (3): 510-530. O’Rourke, K., and Sinnott, R. (2006) ‘The determinants of individual attitudes towards immigration’. European Journal of Political Economy, 22: 838-861. Hatton, T. J. (2016) ‘Immigration, public opinion and the recession in Europe’, Economic Policy, 31(86): 205-46.

Purpose (forthcoming, 2017) Germany and France segmentation research study, in collaboration with Ipsos MORI and IFOP. Research directed by Stephen Hawkins and Tim Dixon.

TENT (2016) Public perceptions of the refugee crisis. New York: TENT Foundation.

Wike, R., Stokes, B., and Simmons, K. (2016) Europeans Fear Wave of Refugees Will Mean More Terrorism, Fewer Jobs. Washington DC: Pew Research Center for the People & the Press.

Ipsos MORI (2016a) Global views on immigration and the refugee crisis. London: Ipsos MORI

UNHCR (2017a) Mid-year trends 2016. New York: UNHCR. http://www.unhcr.org/uk/statistics/unhcrstats/58aa8f247/mid-year-trends-june-2016.html

Crawley, H. (2009) Understanding and Changing Public Attitudes: A Review of Existing Evidence From Public

Information and Communication Campaigns. London: The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund, IOM (2015) How the world views migration. Paris: International Organization for Migration (IOM), Heath, A., and Richards, L. (2016) Attitudes towards Immigration and their Antecedents: Topline Results from Round 7 of the European Social Survey. London: European Social Survey ERIC, TENT (2016) Public perceptions of the refugee crisis. New York: TENT Foundation.

Winkler, H. (2015) Why do elderly people oppose immigration when they’re most likely to beneft? Washington DC: brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2015/07/22/why-do-elderly-people-oppose-immigration-when-theyre-most-likely-to-beneft/

Schotte, S., and Winkler, H. (2014) Will aging societies become more averse to open immigration policies? Evidence across countries. SSRN Working Paper Series.

Ladbury, Sarah. (2009) Why Do Men Join the Taliban and Hizb-i Islami? How Much Do Local Communities Support Them? Independent Report for the Department of International Development. August 14.

Downloads

Published

2018-10-26

How to Cite

Özbek, N. (2018). Refugees as scapegoat for terrorism. Journal of Human Sciences, 15(4), 1968–1978. Retrieved from https://www.j-humansciences.com/ojs/index.php/IJHS/article/view/5531

Issue

Section

Law