Choice of address terms in conversational setting

A choice of an address term signals the relationship between language and society and how a person imagines his/her relationship with the addressee within this society. Address terms, therefore, provides sociolinguistic information about the interlocutors as well as pragmatic aspect of the situation. Previous research have focused on the effect of power and solidarity in the choice of address terms. This study, on the other hand, focuses on the address terms used during spontaneous conversation taking place in a no-power situation. The primary concern of the study is to identify the potential effects of a bilingual situation and a different culture. This study investigated the address terms school children use in a reciprocal situation, which are further analyzed regarding the potential effect of age, gender and being monolingual or bilingual in this issue. For this purpose, the group conversations of 56 monolingual Turkish speaking and 48 monolingual Turkish-Danish speaking children were analyzed. The address terms are coded and classified as emerged from the data. The results have shown that monolingual children use a great variety of address terms while bilingual children dwell on first names more frequently. Choice of address forms are governed by politeness, and positive and negative face. The results will lead to awareness-raising on pragmatic aspects of conversations and social relationship and will have implications on educational context especially in bilingual settings.


Introduction
Address terms are used when a speaker already has the listener's attention in interactive, face to face situations through which the behavior, norms and practices of a society can be identified (Afful 2006;Fasold 1990;Dickey 1997;Oyetade 1995).How people address each other is important from semantic and pragmatic aspects since address terms reflect both setting and social relationships.Formality or informality of the situation, the politeness or the deference the speaker wants to express can all be reflected with a term of address.For example, the diminutive suffix in Turkish signals personal involvement and is only appropriate in familiar and informal settings (Zeyrek 2001: 51).If such a form is uttered in a formal situation, social and pragmatic principles become violated.On the other hand, a term containing a negative meaning such as salak 'idiot', hödük 'a rude person', deli 'crazy' expresses that the speaker defers the addressee and gives the addressee a choice either to act in a similar manner and use an equally deferring expression to save face or to act in a different manner.Address forms, therefore, are determined by interpersonal relations and social characteristics of the speaker as well as the cultural values.These characteristics of address forms indicate that they are socially driven and have communicative value.Speakers' choice of address Özcan, F. H. (2016).Choice of address terms in conversational setting.International Journal of Human Sciences,13(1), 982-1002. doi:10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3489terms reveals information about the social background of the speaker as well as about the relationship between the speaker and the addressee.
There is a variety of factors which governs our choices of address terms.The fact that address forms have been studied in a number of languages proves that there are culture-specific motives which govern the choice of address forms.Although culture specific motives play an important role, other factors such as age, social status, gender, group membership, reciprocity and nonreciprocity of the participants have an impact on the address form chosen (Gisle & Aijmer 2011).Among these factors, social rank and power, occupational hierarchy has attracted considerable attention.Early studies focused on how power and solidarity is reflected through pronominal use, in other words, t-v distinction (Brown and Gilman 1960).It has been demonstrated that power and solidarity makes a change in the choice of address terms.But on the other hand, not all differences between people are connected with power.There is also an issue of power equals.When the speakers are from the same social and power status, address is expected to be reciprocal.When all the other conditions are the same in a group, there are different sources which create variations in the choice of address terms such as changing roles, temporary moods and feelings.In some situations address is expected to be reciprocal.Every time a form of address is used, it helps create change or reaffirm a social relationship in addition to indexing a set of conventional expectations.A choice of an address term, whether it is the expected choice or not, is a potential signal of how a person imagines his/her relationship with the addressee.When people's roles change in relation to one another, this can be indexed in how they address each other.Besides power, address terms show considerable variation across languages and national boundaries, across social groups, across individuals and across instances (Fasold 1990: 4) location and gender makes a difference in the use of address terms.It has been reported that non reciprocal patterns are used in rural areas while reciprocal patterns are used in urban areas.Location makes difference for girls in the younger age group and boys in the older age group (Lambert and Tucker 1976).

Purpose
In this study, the aim is to describe; -the address terms school children use in a reciprocal situation; -when and why particular address terms are used; -whether different genders have an effect on address terms; -whether age has an effect on address terms; -whether being a monolingual or a bilingual has an effect on the use of address terms.

Method 3.1 The place and time of the study
The monolingual data comes from monolingual Turkish-speaking children living in Eskişehir, Turkey.Since the data was collected longitudinally, the data collection started in 1997 when the children started the first grade and ended in 2004 when they reached the 8 th grade.The bilingual data comes from bilingual Turkish-Danish-speaking children living in Køge, Denmark.The bilingual data was collected between 1989 and 1998 longitudinally following the participants.

Population and sample selection
The study compares data from two longitudinal studies of the linguistic development of Turkish-speaking grade school students in Eskişehir and Køge.Monolingual Turkish data comes from the Anadolu Project, which comprises spoken data from Turkish-speaking grade school students who were born in Turkey and who had parents who migrated to Turkey earlier.The students attended a working class district school which was situated in a lower socio-economic district of a provincial town in Turkey.The bilingual data comes from the conversations of Turkish-Danish speaking grade school children who were born and raised in a working class district of Køge, in Denmark.There are 14 monolingual and 12 bilingual groups of participants in this 1002. doi:10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3489study.In each grade, there are 3 subgroups.One type of subgroup consists of 4 girls, another type of subgroup consists of 4 boys, and the third type consists of 2 boys and 2 girls.For this study we focus on longitudinal data from grades 1, 3, 5, 7 and 8.All the subgroups of each grade were included in the analysis in order to reveal any possible differences due to different group compositions in the data.Therefore, there are 56 monolingual and 48 bilingual participants in total.

Type of study
This is a descriptive study based on the naturalistic language data collected spontaneously in a conversational setting.

Variables
The independent variables are age and gender and the language of the participants.We analyzed the data in order to see whether gender and age of the participants have made a difference on the results or not.In addition to the age and gender, being a monolingual or a bilingual was expected to display differences in practice; we, therefore, have both monolingual and bilingual groups participated in the study.Dependent variable is the language, specifically address terms, used in the conversations.

Data collection 3.5.1 Data collection method
We collected language samples from the participants during problem-solving tasks which we planned for them.Grade 1 and 3 students were asked to furnish a house while a 5., 7., and 8. grade students were asked to prepare a collage on either a topic they chose, or to illustrate a day spent together in town.In both situations, we gave them a stack of furniture catalogues, a pile of picture postcards and told them that they were free to plan anything, to write or to draw on the poster.While furnishing the house and preparing the collage, they had to decide together and negotiate on the suggestions each of them made.

Data collection tools
Since our raw material is language, which is recorded in a natural, conversational setting, no specific tool or instrument was used.To stimulate the conversations, a task was given to the participants (see 3.5.1).During this stage, some visuals such as furniture catalogues, postcards were used.

Data collection time
The study comprises longitudinal data, which was collected continuously in successive years with specific intervals.The monolingual data with Turkish-speaking children was collected in seven years between 1997 and 2004.The bilingual data with Turkish-Danish-speaking children was collected in 9 years between 1989 and 1998.

Evaluation of data
Data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively.All the address terms were listed first and coded to draw a general profile.The categories are first names, kinship terms, pronouns, positive terms, negative terms, and neutral terms We, then, calculated the percentage to see the frequencies of each category and the profile across the age groups, genders and languages (monolingual or bilingual).Then, we defined the function of the address terms to reveal when and why particular address terms are used.

An overview
A general look at the address terms participants used shows that 4 categories of address terms constitute the linguistic choice of the participants.All the monolingual participants use 1836 address terms during the task they were engaged in.Among the 1836 address terms, 938 (51%) are first names.77 kinship terms comprise 4% of the whole data.Pronoun use is also quite infrequent, which is 13 (%1).The remaining 806 (44%) address terms are the other address terms, which are further categorized as neutral, positive and negative.Bilinguals, on the other hand, do not use variety of kinship terms as monolinguals do.They restrict their terms to ağabey 'brother' and to oğlum 'my son'.Bilinguals insert these terms in Danish sentences as well whenever they switch to their second language, Danish.
(  In (2) and (3), pronouns are used to address the other participants in the group.
This brief overview tells us that monolingual participants use a much wider variety of address terms than their bilingual peers.

Age differences
We, then, looked at the distribution of address terms across age groups.All the age groups use first names more than the other terms.Diminutive form of first names increases during the 5 th grade.14 of these diminutive forms are used by only girls group.Girls address each other using first name diminutives.Boys do not prefer diminutives for each other.First name diminutives are also used in the mixed group in a reciprocal situation.When one Özcan, F. H. (2016).Choice of address terms in conversational setting.International Journal of Human Sciences, 13(1), 982-1002. doi:10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3489 of the participants, a girl, uses a diminutive for one of the boys and the boy responds in the same way.
Kinship terms are extensively used by 3 rd graders only boys group.They use oğlum 'my son' to address each other extensively, especially when one of the participants starts it, the others follow on with the same term.In only girls group, the kinship term used is kızım 'my daughter'.In the mixed group, participants use the kinship terms kızım 'my daughter' and oğlum 'my son' according to the gender of the addressee.8 th graders also use kinship terms to address each other.Especially in mixed group, different varieties such as bacı 'sister', annem babam 'my mother and father', kardeş 'sister/brother' are used.When bacı 'sister' is used, we know that the participant addresses to one of the girls in the group but with kardeş 'sister/brother (no gender)', we are not sure whether the addressee is a boy or a girl.8 th grade only-boy group uses two other kinship terms ağabey 'brother' and kardeşim 'my sister/brother (no gender)'.Since this is an only boys group, we interpret kardeşim as 'brother'.
Pronouns are used by 3 rd , 7 th and 8 th graders.As mentioned before, they were used scarcely.8 th graders use them more than their younger peers.Among the pronominal forms, T-forms are used as the conversational setting requires.Overt pronouns are used in order to emphasize the addressee either as a person or as a group.There is also an instance where a pronoun is used with the first name in order to distinguish the addressee from the others and put him in the center of attention.
Terms we classify as neutral terms are used by 1 st graders and 3 rd graders sparingly.3 rd grade all boys group hits the record with 198 use of the ever-popular term len and its variations such as ulan, lan all meaning 'man, boy'.Neutral address term used in all girls group is kız 'girl'.3 rd grade girls use this address term very frequently.Kız 'girl, girlie' and len 'man, boy' are gender specific terms.Kız 'girl, girlie' is only used for girls and len 'man, boy' is extensively used for boys with a few exceptions.In an all girls group, one of the girls use len 'man, boy' to address; this may be because she focuses on what she wants and does not address to a specific person.There is also an instance in which one of the girls combines another girl's first name with len 'man, boy', which is perfectly acceptable in colloquial use of this term.
Address terms which have positive connotations are used by all of the groups.The frequency of the positive terms is the highest in the 8 th grade.All three gender groups use positive terms such as hacım 'my hadji', kuzum 'my lamb' (literally meaning 'my lamb' but used to express affection).Extensively used by all age and gender groups positive term is arkadaşlar 'friends'.All boys group a wide variety of positive terms such as canım 'dear', doktor 'doctor', birtanem 'my one and only one', canım arkadaşım 'my dearest friend', baylar gentlemen), bayanlar (ladies).The term doktor 'doctor' is only used in some families to address a family member who is a medical doctor.It is not a term which is commonly used by anybody at any circumstance.The context does not provide more explanatory clues why this participant uses doctor to address to his peer; but since it is a prestigious profession, it may be used as an honorific.
Address terms with negative connotations are used by lower grade participants.1 st graders and 3 rd graders use negative address terms.3 rd grade boys use negative address terms more than the other groups.Older participants do not use them at all.It may be because the older they get, the more they are aware of being recorded and they avoid negative terms.Pronouns are rarely used by bilingual speaking participants as monolingual speakers do.These terms are used by 1 st graders only.
Neutral terms are quite common with the bilinguals as well.Popular neutral terms are ulen, len, le 'man/boy' and kız 'girl/girlie'.All age groups and genders use these terms; only the rate differs.These terms are used by 3 rd grade boys more than the other graders.Bilinguals also treat these neutral terms as gender specific with a couple of exceptions.Girls use kız 'girl/girlie'with an occasional use of len 'man/boy' by the girls in one of the all girls group.There is a use of another neutral term, "adam" (man)", which no other participant has used.This is used to address to the moderator, who was there to record the group conversations.Bilingual participants use address terms with negative connotations as well.Unlike monolinguals, bilinguals' use of negative terms does not show a decrease with the increasing age. 1 st grade girls do not use negative terms.Boys group uses moruk 'old git', morukmen 'the old git man', gıcık 'jerk' and manyak 'maniac'.Morukmen 'the old git man' does not belong to the Turkish language and it is coined by the bilinguals combining the term moruk 'old git' with 'men'.Manyak 'maniac' seems to be popular by both monolinguals and bilinguals.
Mixed group behave more creatively and come up with a variety of negative terms.They make up different terms such as boklular 'people with shit'", terbiyesizler 'ignorant in the sense that they lack good behaviours', pis 'dirty boy/girl', eşek 'donkey', domates 'tomato', domat 'short for tomato', inek 'cow'.Domates 'tomato' is not normally used to humiliate a person but in daily life, it is used to insult a person who is overweight.This might have inspired the girl to use the term The data shows that terbiyesiz 'ignorant' is common with the bilinguals whereas monolinguals do not use it at all.This term may seem to the monolinguals not insulting enough.

Functions of the address terms
Let's take a closer look on the functions the participants express through first names and first name diminutives.

First Names
The main reason that first names are chosen is the solidarity.All the participants in the groups are equal in terms of status.Besides, there is the familiarity factor.All the participants are familiar to one another from school and/or from the same neighborhood.They are students in the same school, they are from a similar background and they are at the same age.
First names are used for different functions.

1.
Addressing a specific person Since the participants are in a group, when they want to single out a specific person in the group, they use the first name.

2.
For attention getting Although we have classified the terms as address, referential and summonses at the beginning, and restrict the analysis to address terms only, we have included the function of "attention getting" since the speaker is trying to attract the attention of one of participants in the group.
( To address the group leader Although all the participants are equal in terms of social status and rank in the groups, in some groups, there is a group leader unspoken but readily accepted.In some of the groups, there is no specific group leader but popular ones in the group.First name is used for these leaders and/or popular participants.Bilinguals do not have this function. (

Positive address terms
Monolinguals use a variety of address terms which we categorize as positive terms.Canım 'dear', canımıniçi 'my dearest', gözüm 'my eye', güzelim 'my beauty', birtanem 'my only one', kuzum 'chuck/sweetie' (literal translation is 'my lamb')" are terms of intimacy, which are used by close friends or family members.The participants are school mates and they live in the same neighborhood; however, there is no clue that they are close enough friends.The data shows that these terms are used to confirm a good behaviour.
(23) ARZ: sessiz kesiyorum.Soundwithout cut PROG1SG (I'm cutting (it) quietly.)HİL: iyi yapıyorsun gözüm Good doPROG2SG eye1SGGEN (well done, gözüm, well done) Hacı, hacım hacı, hacım "hadji, my hadji" are specific terms used in specific situations.A person, who visits Mecca at the certain time of the year and who does all the requirements of pilgrimage, becomes hacı and then the society calls this person hacı or hacım.Members of the immediate family and extended family and other people use hacım "my hadji" while a very close person especially the wife uses hacı.Whatever is the case and the term, this is an honorific and a deferential term.The following examples ( 29), ( 30) are uttered by the 3rd grade monolingual boys and are chosen randomly among the many others.( 24 In this group, 3 of the four participants use hacım as an address term.In (29), the speaker informs one of the other participants.In (30) it is a kind of getting permission.In (31) the participant asks for help, it is a kind of plea and this plea is directed to a particular person in the group; that's why he uses a positive term an honorific.Then again, he directs his ask for help to the other members and uses another term len.In (32), the participant asks the question rather apologetic since he harmed another participant accidentally.
In the following exchange, I personally would say that hacı is not used as a deferential term which is used inappropriately and which, consequently, results in an impolite utterance.The participant FER tries to show understanding and respect to the addressee.
(28) RAS: hey sexy lady I like you for xxx.
heart2GEN wantCOND3SG take hadji1GEN (RAS if you really want (it), take hadji) In ( 29), the speaker is not happy with the situation and and expresses his being unpleased with the situation but using an honorific "hacım", he tries to soften the expression.This is a mixed group and hacı and hacım are used by the same person and reserved for the male participant.This term was not very common in the early 2000s when this conversation was recorded.However, a brief survey has shown that these days, hacı is so common in the youth jargon among both males and females that people use it unconsciously and without charging any specific meaning to it.It is claimed that it was originated from Eskisehir, where this study was conducted, and became very popular among the university students.Since university students are mobile, it was carried to students' hometowns and was spread throughout Turkey.In ( 31), the participant mocks a particular sports commentary program; so uses an appropriate term for this situation.In (32), the participant addresses to her peers in the group and is being authoritative.

Hocam 4
Hocam 'my teacher' is a term introduced by the '68 generation.This generation addressed everybody a taxi driver, a waiter, bus driver as hocam claiming that every person has something to teach others.It was very popular at some universities in the 70s and 80s and the reason was political.
(33) UFU: (3 rd year monolingual) işte bu pozisyon ne diyorsunuz efendim There this position what sayPROG2PLU sir/ma'm (what do you say for this position, sir?) HAL: buyrun hocam size bir mikrofon hediyemiz vardı Here2PLU teacherGEn youACC a mike present1PLU existPAST3SG (Here you are hocam.We have a present for you, it's a mike) In this example, the participant only imitates the commentator in a commentary program and hocam is the term the speaker uses to address the retired football referee.
whereDAT find1SG my clever one I (How can I find it, my clever one?)Özcan, F. H. (2016).Choice of address terms in conversational setting.International Journal of Human Sciences, 13(1), 982-1002. doi:10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3489The participant implies that it is impossible to carry on with the action mentioned in (39).Among the positive address terms, arkadaşlar 'friends', beyler, baylar 'gentlemen', bayanlar 'ladies', çocuklar 'children' are used either to attract the attention of the group members or to announce something to the group by the monolingual participants.Bilingual participants do not use such terms.

Negative address terms
Salak 'idiot', manyak 'maniac', gıcık 'jerk', deli 'crazy' are popular among both monolinguals and bilinguals and are used to criticize the behaviors, actions and words.Negative terms are like chain responses.Once one of the participants uses a negative term, the others follow with any negative term they can come up with.They pay particular attention to make the terms more hurtful and worse than the previous one (40) (41).( 40

Neutral terms
We take a detailed look into two popular terms; lan 'man' and kız 'girl'.In order for these terms to make sense, we first have a look at the meaning.Ulan: (slang) an exclamation meaning oi, hey, look here, man.It changes form in some regions as "ula, len, lan, ülen, le, üle". 6lthough it originally is considered as an exclamation, it was loaded meaning in the meantime.*it means sir in slang.*it shows affection.We use it for the ones we love.*its meaning is like the value of x in maths.Its meaning changes according to the context it is uttered.While the original form is ulan, it has different variations, allophones, each of which expresses a different meaning in discourse.

Len expressing humiliation
Besides, as a result of a brief survey I conducted with linguistically naive adult informants, I have concluded that while chatting or joking len; while expressing anger lan; and on becoming extremely angry ulan is used.Although considered as an exclamation, ulan with the other allophones lan, len, ülen, le, is loaded with several meanings and the context determines its meaning.Özcan, F. H. (2016).Choice of address terms in conversational setting.International Journal of Human Sciences, 13(1), 982-1002. doi:10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3489Participants' using different terms may show that speakers associate meanings with different terms.
( As illustrated with the examples, kız is not as extensive as lan and lan is used to express a wider variety of situation than kız.

Discussion
Speakers have to consider the nature of the speaking environment, the social status of the participants and the interpersonal relations between themselves and the other speakers in order to choose appropriate address terms.The conversations which form the database for this study take place in a reciprocal setting where all the participants are equal in terms of social status, age and power.Considering the reciprocal nature of the setting, one would expect that first names are extensively used and this extensive use of first names is spared to name each other in the group.In each group, there is always a participant, even two participants in some groups, who holds power in the group and acts as a group leader.First names are frequently reserved for the leader indicating that solidarity still plays a role and the speaker and the addressee are solidary with each other even if one of the participants is an acting leader of the group.First names may be considered as identity markers in such situations marking the participant who holds unspoken power in a particular group.

Conclusion and recommendations
Some of our results can be explained by accommodation theory in the sense that an addressee accommodates his/her choice to the address form received as suggested by Dickey (1997).Use of honorifics, diminutives and negative terms reflect principles of accommodation theory as the participants adopt their choices to the previous choice of address form.Use of honorifics reflects convergence in the sense that participants respond with the same honorific or with an equally polite one when one of the group members use an honorific.Speakers, therefore, converge their speech to the addressee's level by means of a corresponding honorific.Diminutives are also chosen by the participant who is addressed through a diminutive.Another area Özcan, F. H. (2016).Choice of address terms in conversational setting.International Journal of Human Sciences, 13(1), 982-1002. doi:10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3489convergence operates on is the use of negative terms.When one of the group members is addressed by a negative term, the addressee tries hard to find an equally negative term to accommodate his/her choice of address form uttered by the other participant.In such cases, speakers really display creativity and create some new terms.Speakers' efforts to come up with such terms imply that participants do not imitate each other's terms, but accept these choices as 'normal' in this case and converge towards these terms.Psychological factors such as the mood and the feeling of the speakers have an effect on the address terms as well.This is indicated in our data with the use of the positive address terms and with the kinship terms.When one of the participants chooses a term, the other participants adapt their address terms to their addressees.
The switching between the terms is motivated by the expressiveness of the speaker.The speakers sometimes express different things than the literal meaning of the term expresses; that is, speaker apply their own personal meaning to the terms they have chosen.
The results also reveal that bilingual participants have a lot in common with the monolingual peers and although they were born and are brought up in a bilingual setting.The use of their native language at home among the family members definitely provides native language input and opportunity to use the language in a communicative setting.Bilingual children differ in the use of address forms such as 'hocam' and 'hacım', which are popular in the mainland.The lack of such terms, which were specific to a particular group and served as identity marker of the group when they first emerged, indicates the existence of culture-specific nature of the address terms.Although these terms have become popular and common to a wider community in time, they are still confined to the Turkish community.The limited exposure to first language impedes the development of such terms among the bilinguals.
Although the research aimed to present a descriptive profile of address terms used in a conversational setting and reached its aims in this particular study, there are some unavoidable limitations.First of all, this study comprises data collected from 56 monolingual children living in a lower socio-economic district of the provincial town Eskişehir.Although the students are open to all communication channels such as internet and television at the time of data collection, the results can be generalized to children growing up in such a social environment.Some of the terms used such as hacım, hacı 'hadji, my hadji' are used by young generation at all ages without showing any socio-economic differences, nor educational differences.However, the findings may not conform to the language used by children growing in upper middle class.Secondly, address terms uttered by each speaker has been analyzed but we didn't look at the impact it evokes on the addressee.A detailed analysis of adjacency pairs might shed a light on the pragmatics of address terms.However, such a detailed analysis would be difficult to handle within the limits of this study.Besides, more detailed quantitative analysis including statistical analysis would display whether there is a statistically significant difference among the age groups and the subgroups.However, due to practical reasons, the quantitative analysis is limited to the percentages of the data.
This preliminary analysis of the address terms calls for qualitative studies in which address forms are analyzed in terms of different aspects of communicative situations such as conversational turns, initiating moves and emphasizing role relationships.

Usability of Study Results
The study has shed light on how school children as participants in a conversational setting shape pragmatic rules using address term.The choice of address terms reveals how school children express familiarity, intimacy, and alienation or establish solidarity with their peers in a setting where there is no power relations.Different gender and age groups also draws on the issue whether gender and age leads to a different tendency.Analysis on bilingual data has shed light on how acquiring another language and living within another culture affects the use of address terms, which is affected by culture distinctively.
mike has come out.Oi, man, my mike has come out.)Address terms with positive connotations are rarely used by bilingual participants.1 st graders use güzelim 'my beautiful one', sevgilim 'darling' and an honorific efendim 'sir/madam', akıllım 'my clever one'.
sen de durup durup onu anlatıp duruyorsun.hadji1GEN you too stopPARTICLE itACC sayPART stopPROG2SG (my hadji, you keep talking about it)On the other hand, in (30), as suggested by the thread, the speaker expresses some sort of surprise since he cannot get the gist of what is said.(30)SEV: burada bir sürü şeyler var gençlik yapalım hereDAT a lot of thingPLU there youth make1PLU (There are a lot of.. things.. let's make youth) expecting from these, you idiot) (38) (1 st grade monolingual) ZAF: Salak biz evin içini yapacağız.Idiot we houseGEN insidePOSS doFUT1PLU (Idiot, we are going to design the interior) (39) (5 th grade bilingual) ERA: dur len ne yapıyorsun manyak Stop man what doPROG2SG maniac (stop man what are you doing maniac)

Table 1 :
Profile of Address Terms Monolinguals Used

Table 2 :
Profile of Address Terms Bilinguals Used Kinship terms are 2%.Pronouns are the least used type of address terms as it is in the monolingual group.There are 277 other address terms, 21% of which has neutral meaning, 6% of which has positive and 1% of which has negative meaning.

Table 5 :
Distribution of Address Terms across AgeGroups (Monolingual)

Table 6 :
Distribution of Address Terms across Age Groups (Bilingual)Bilingual participants use first names more than the other terms as well.The number of the first names decreases with the increasing age and other terms are used as well.Diminutives are not preferred by the participans either; there is only one instance of diminutive use in which the participant uses this term for himself.Kinship terms are relatively frequent in the 3 rd and 7 th graders.3 rd grade boys use kinship term oğlum 'my son' only by one of the participants only.7 th graders use both oğlum 'my son' and ağabey 'brother'.
th graders and 7 th graders add more term to the repertoire, dumkopf 'idiot' and use salak 'idiot' also.

2
Özcan, F. H. (2016).Choice of address terms in conversational setting.International Journal of Human Sciences, 13(1),982- 1002.doi:10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3489Efendim is an honorific used in formal situations.In our data, it appears only twice; once in monolingual conversation and once in the bilingual conversation.

Table 7 :
Variations of the Term Ulan and Its Meanings

a mixture of anger and surprise Hadi lan expressesing that it is unbelieveable. Ulan ulan ulan expressing frustration and desperation. lan expressing emphasis Lan getting angry
As we have mentioned before, use of lan and kız are both gender specific.Girls use kız to address girls and lan to address boys.Boys use lan and the variations to address boys and kız to address girls.However, in example (71), a girl is addressed with ulan showing the speaker's anger.